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regional industry within a company (enterprise) interindustry By scale of application

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By object of application: Product innovations – focused on the production and use of new products (services) or new materials, semi-finished products, components Technological innovations – aimed at the creation and application of new technologies Process innovations – focused on the creation and functioning of new organizational structures, both within the company, and at the intersectoral level Complex innovations are a combination of various innovations

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For reasons of occurrence: 1. Reactive innovations - ensure the survival of the company 2. Strategic innovations - their main goal is to gain competitive advantages in the future By efficiency: - economic - social - environmental - integral

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Internal sources: Unexpected event (for an enterprise or industry) - success, failure, external event. Incongruence is a discrepancy between reality (as it actually is) and our ideas about it. Innovations based on process needs. Sudden changes in industry or market structure. External sources: Demographic changes Changes in perceptions, moods and values. New knowledge (both scientific and non-scientific) Sources of ideas for innovation.

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Functions of innovation: Reproductive Stimulating Investment

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2. Innovation activity and innovation process.

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Innovation activities

This is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve the quality of products, improve technologies and organize production. Innovative activities include: Identifying enterprise problems; Implementation of the innovation process; Organization of innovative activities. is a system of measures to use scientific, scientific, technical and intellectual potentials in order to obtain a new or improved product or service, a new method of their production to satisfy both individual demand and the needs of society for innovations as a whole

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Main stages of innovation activity

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Innovation process

The process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which innovation matures from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads through practical use.

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Stages of the innovation process

1. Basic research; 2. Applied research; 3. Experimental design developments; 4. Mastering the production of a new product; 5. Concept, types and results of innovative activities.

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Structure of the innovation process

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The most typical reasons that can disrupt the normal course of the project:

Lack of coordination of resources and actions; Weak relationships with stakeholders, leading to customer dissatisfaction; Insufficient assessment of the duration of work and costs of the project, leading to large expenditures of time and money; Inadequate planning of resources and activities; Poor quality project monitoring, deviations are detected too late; Insufficient product quality control.

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Innovation life cycle:

Life cycle is the period of time from the origin of an idea to the discontinuation of an innovative product based on it. Stages of the life cycle of innovations: Origin (accompanied by the implementation of the required amount of research work, development and creation of a pilot batch of innovation) Growth (industrial development with the simultaneous entry of the product into the market) Maturity (stage of serial production or mass production and an increase in sales volume) Market saturation ( maximum production volume and maximum sales volume) Decline (curtailment of production and withdrawal of the product from the market)

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Principles of competent project management aimed at avoiding problems and achieving successful results:

The project is presented as a finite process with a specific start and completion time; A project always requires management to achieve successful results; For complete coordination of actions, all project participants must clearly understand why the project is needed and what goals it is expected to achieve.

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Reengineering

is aimed at ensuring that not only each link of the business operates productively, but also that the entire system of their interaction is aimed at obtaining the maximum multiplier effect, i.e. that effect that cannot be achieved by each individual individually, but can actually be achieved through joint efforts organized in an optimal way.

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Reengineering properties:

Rejection of outdated rules and approaches and starting the business process as if “from scratch”; Neglecting existing company systems, structures and procedures and radically changing the way business is conducted; Leading to significant changes in performance indicators that are an order of magnitude different from the previous ones.

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Reengineering process

The desired image of the company is formed. A model of real or existing business companies. A new business model is being developed. Introduction of a new business model into the economic reality of the company.

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Innovation risk

The probability of losses that arise when a business firm invests in the production of new goods and services that may not find the expected demand in the market.

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Innovation risk arises:

when introducing a cheaper method of producing a product or service compared to those already in use. when creating a new product or service using old equipment. in the production of a new product or service using new equipment and technology.

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For an effective innovation policy in the Russian Federation it is necessary:

to ensure demand for innovation from the main domestic consumers of knowledge and ideas - business. At the same time, it is necessary to promote domestic developments. stimulate an increase in supply innovative ideas from domestic manufacturers - scientific and research organizations. the state must, by all means available to it, ensure communication between domestic producers of knowledge and their consumers, if possible, not only within the country, but also at the international level. decide on an innovation strategy.

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Key performance indicators of an innovation project

Financial (commercial) efficiency, taking into account the financial consequences for project participants; Budgetary efficiency, taking into account financial implications for budgets at all levels; National economic economic efficiency, taking into account costs that go beyond the direct financial interests of project participants and allow for monetary expression.

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Venture capital

This is one of the most suitable sources of investment financing innovative companies. Specially trained stockbrokers raise funds from the capital market to create venture capital companies and funds. Venture capital funds buy shares or convertible bonds of companies. They do not invest for the immediate purpose of receiving dividends; they give the company the opportunity to begin to operate effectively, which will ultimately make it possible to profit from the investments made.

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Stages in the implementation of a project (or company activity)

Pre-financing; Start-up financing; Other financing options at the initial stage; Financing the market expansion stage; Bridge financing; Financing the acquisition of a company's share by management; Financing the acquisition of company shares by managers of other companies.

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What do venture capital firms need?

internal rate of return; market potential of the project; proposed project management team; intellectual property rights during technological breakthrough; size of investment.

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Stages of the financing process

First appeal A letter is sent to the venture capital fund, accompanied by a short business plan. Interview This involves the main project managers and discusses the role of each of them. Reviewing the Business Plan The management of a venture capital fund reviews the business plan in great detail, especially the financial, sales, and profit projections. Evaluation Venture capital fund managers provide a detailed evaluation of the business plan. Assessment of investment opportunities The company may receive an offer for possible investment. Typically, no venture capital fund will want to acquire more than 35% ownership of a company. The detailed investment scheme is set out in a legally binding document called a shareholders' agreement.

Presented costs per unit of production for period T, (rub.)

Zt = St + EnKud where St – cost in period T; En – standard efficiency coefficient; Where – capital investments per unit of production, rub.; EnKud – standard profit, rub.

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Annual effect from the introduction of new equipment and technology (rub.)

En.t. = (Zbaz – Znov) Nnew = [(Sbaz – EnKbaz)–(Snov – EnKnov)] Nnov where Zbaz – reduced production costs per unit of production using the basic version of equipment and technologies, rub.; Znov – reduced costs of production using new equipment and technologies, rub.; Nnew – annual volume of production using new equipment and technologies, units; Cbas – cost of production of the basic version, rub.; New – cost of products based on new equipment and technology, rub.; Kbaz – capital investment per unit of production of the basic option, rub.; Knov – capital investment per unit of production based on new equipment and technology, rub.; En – standard efficiency coefficient.

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Total investment

Ksum = Kn.r + Kt.p + Kob + Kosv where Kn.r – costs for scientific research, design, experimental and pilot-industrial installations; Kt.p – costs for the acquisition, delivery, installation (dismantling) of equipment, technical training, adjustment and development of production; Kob – replenishment costs working capital enterprises related to the creation and use of new technology; Cost – costs (profit) from production and sales of products during the development of production, preceding the billing period.

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Presentation on the topic: “Innovative technology”

Performed by PNK-21 student Anastasia Kovyazina

• Innovative technologies are sets of methods and tools that support the stages of innovation implementation.
• There are different types innovative technologies: implementation; training (training and incubation of small businesses); consulting; transfer; audit; engineering.

• Innovative activity in its most complete development presupposes a system of interrelated types of work, the totality of which ensures the emergence of real innovations. Namely:
• ● research activities aimed at obtaining new knowledge about how something can be (discovery) and how something can be done (invention);
• ● project activities aimed at developing special, instrumental-technological knowledge about how, on the basis of scientific knowledge in given conditions, it is necessary to act in order to achieve what can or should be (“innovative project”);
• ● educational activities aimed at the professional development of subjects of a certain practice, at developing each person’s personal knowledge (experience) about what and how they should do in order for an innovative project to be translated into practice (“implementation”).

• This is a complex of three interconnected components:
• Modern content, which is transmitted to students, involves not so much the mastery of subject knowledge, but rather the development competencies, adequate to modern business practice. This content should be well structured and presented in the form of multimedia educational materials that are transmitted using modern means of communication.
• Modern teaching methods are active methods of developing competencies, based on the interaction of students and their involvement in the educational process, and not just on passive perception of the material.
• Modern training infrastructure, which includes information, technological, organizational and communication components that allow you to effectively use the benefits of distance learning.

• This is an education that is capable of self-development and which creates conditions for the full development of all its participants; hence the main thesis; innovative education is a developing and developing education.
• Currently, a variety of pedagogical innovations are used in school education. This depends, first of all, on the traditions and status of the institution.

• However, the following most characteristic innovative technologies can be identified.
• 1. Information and communication technologies (ICT) in subject teaching. Integration of ICT into content educational process involves the integration of various subject areas with computer science, which leads to the informatization of students’ consciousness and their understanding of the processes of informatization in modern society.

• 2. Personally-oriented technologies in teaching the subject. Personality-oriented technologies They place the child’s personality at the center of the entire school educational system, providing comfortable, conflict-free and safe conditions for her development, the realization of her natural potentials.
• 3. Information and analytical support of the educational process and management the quality of the student's education. The use of such innovative technology as information and analytical methods for managing the quality of education allows us to objectively, impartially track the development over time of each child individually, class, parallel, school as a whole.

• 4 . Monitoring intellectual development.Analysis and diagnosis of the quality of education for each student using testing and plotting graphs of progress dynamics.
• 5 . Educational technologies as a leading mechanism for the formation of a modern student. It is implemented in the form of involving students in additional forms of personal development: participation in cultural events based on national traditions, theater, children's creativity centers, etc.

• 6. Didactic technologies as a condition for the development of the educational process at educational institutions. This is independent work with the help of a textbook, a game, design and defense of projects.
• 7. Psychological and pedagogical support for the implementation of innovative technologies into the educational process of the school. A scientific and pedagogical justification for the use of certain innovations is assumed. Their analysis at methodological councils, seminars, consultations with leading experts in this field.

• Thus, education in its essence is already an innovation. By using these technologies in innovative teaching, the teacher makes the process more complete, interesting, and rich. When crossing subject areas of the natural sciences, such integration is simply necessary for the formation of a holistic worldview and worldview, innovations include the introduction of ICT in the educational process, software interactive electronic boards supplied to schools, modernization projects.

“Quality Management System” - Benefits of implementing a quality management system. Russian certification systems. Lecturer – Ph.D. Trubchenko T.G. The highest level of quality has currently been achieved in Holland, Switzerland, Germany and the Scandinavian countries. International certification practice.

“IT Patterns in Business” - Information technology patterns as a mechanism for implementing the company’s strategy. IT templates in business - accounting. Literature. IT patterns in business are a self-organizing system. IT templates in business – business process automation. O. Polukeev, D. Koval. IT patterns in business - decision support system.

“Management styles” - An example to follow. Reference style. First among equals. All over me! Mentoring style. 6 management styles – 6 paths to the goal. Chief. Management styles and organizational climate. Consistency of decisions with the team, shared responsibility for the result. Organizational climate. Prophet, seer. Good team cohesion, friendly relations in the team.

“Modern technologies” - Current situation. Organizational structure project. 7. The situation of the Customer. GC "Modern Technologies". 2. 4. 1. Training staff in new processes.

“Strategic Management” - Table of Contents (2). Some key strategic concepts (1). A look from the present to the future. Coordinate system (axes, units) Risks and compensation. Strategic management. Some key strategic concepts (3). Some key strategic concepts (2). I.G. Altshuler Strategic management 2003.

“Innovation management” - Composition of the company’s project portfolio. The main stages of developing an innovative project. Types of innovative strategy of an organization. Topic: “Innovation management”. Symptoms of resistance to innovation. Main selection criteria innovative projects. Main sources of innovative ideas. Organizational forms of innovative business integration.

The last two groups can also be combined into one, since the meaning of these innovations is a change in an already created new product, and radical innovations always serve as the basis for them. An analysis of the classifications of innovations by various authors showed that these “groups” are so general that they relate to any area of ​​innovative transformation, be it the production or social sphere. Therefore, in our opinion, radical and improving (modifying) innovations are nothing more than types of production and social innovations. [ 1] V.G. Medynsky. Innovation management. Textbook. – M.: INFRAM-M, 2004, p.17 [1]

Classification of innovations by V.G. Medynsky. Classification sign Types of innovations By degree of radicality (novelty, innovative potential, originality of technical solution) Radical (pioneer, basic, scientific, etc.), ordinary (inventions, new technical solutions) By nature of application: product TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIAL SOCIAL complex market oriented for the production and use of new products. Aimed at the creation and application of new technology. Focused on the construction and operation of new structures. According to the stimulus of appearance (source) Innovations caused by the development of science and technology, the needs of production and the market. By role in the reproduction process Consumer and investment By scale (complexity) Complex (synthetic) and simple For whom are innovations For producers and consumers; for society as a whole; for the market.

Considering that the novelty of production innovations is assessed according to technological parameters, as well as from market positions, Ilyenkova S.D. offered next classification innovation: Ed. Ilyenkova S.D. Innovative management, M, 2001.

Classification of innovations according to Ilyenkova S.D. Classification sign Types of innovation Essence of innovation By technological parameters Product Application of new materials, new semi-finished products and components. Getting new products is especially important here. process related to the creation of new organizational structures within the enterprise. By type of novelty for the market New industries in the world New industries in the country New for this enterprise

Classification sign Types of innovation Essence of innovation By place in the system (enterprise, firm) Innovation at the input Innovation at the output Innovation of the system structure of the enterprise (managerial, technical, production) Depending on the depth of the changes made Radical basic changes improving Gradual modernization modification private

Technical and economic characteristics Revolutionary Fundamental evolutionary changes Gradual modernization Expanded classification taking into account the areas of activity of the enterprise (Research Institute for System Research RNIISI) Technological Production Economic Trade Social Management area

Classification of innovations by A.I. Prigozhin By prevalence By place in the production cycle By continuity By coverage Expected market share By innovative potential and degree of novelty Single Raw materials Substituting Local Radical diffuse Providing Canceling Systemic Combinatorial product Returning Strategic Improving Opening Retroduction

Classification of innovations according to Pochebut L.G., Chiker V.A. Ilyina N. A. Attitude to innovations in the production team: Author's abstract. Ph.D. dis. L., subject-specific aimed at production and development new products From a psychological point of view, they are most characterized by the expectation that work will become more difficult; - technical and technological (new means of production and new technologies). Employees of organizations expect the least negative things from this kind of innovation: socio-economic social development and application of new economic mechanisms for the functioning of the enterprise organizational and managerial development and application of new organizational structures and methods of workforce management

Criteria for classification of innovations according to Fatkhutdinov R.A. 1. level of novelty of innovation; 2. stage of the product life cycle at which innovation is introduced; 3. scale of novelty of innovation; 4. branch of the national economy where innovation is being introduced;5. scope of application of innovation (innovation);6. frequency of application of innovation;7. form of innovation - the basis of innovation;8. type of effect obtained as a result of innovation; 9. subsystem of the innovation management system in which innovation is introduced.

Definition of social innovation Social innovation is new ideas that help solve existing social, cultural, economic problems in such a way that these solutions benefit both humanity and the planet. Social innovations include: new social systems, education systems, healthcare systems, public communications systems using innovative approaches and/or technologies. What can be the sources of social innovation? individuals, groups or organizations, including for-profit, non-profit and government entities. D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0% B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1% 8F D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0% B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1 %8F

Historical background The term “social innovation” in its modern meaning is associated with the name Muhammad Yunus. Muhammad Yunus is a professor of economics from Bangladesh and founder of the Grameen Bank. He is famous for the fact that he managed to successfully implement the microcredit system, issuing small long-term loans to entrepreneurs who have too little own funds to get a traditional bank loan. In 2006, Yunus and his bank were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize “for their efforts to initiate economic and social development from below." M. Yunus has received several national and international awards, is the author of The Poor Man's Banker, founder and board member of the Grameen Foundation, and co-founder and member of the Elders of the World. In 2007, he expressed interest in creating the Citizen Power political party in Bangladesh, but later abandoned this endeavor. Founder of the medal for social innovation. The first such medal was awarded in March 2010 to Stephen Hilton, head of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation (the foundation helps the homeless, protects children and provides clean water to the poor). More details: bednosti.html#ixzz2drD5Fg8V bednosti.html#ixzz2drD5Fg8V

Examples of social innovation innovation.html innovation.html

Technological innovation Technological acquisition of new or efficient production existing product, product, technology, new or improved technological processes. Technological Innovations in the field of organization and production management are not technological.

Priority directions development of science, technology and engineering in Russian Federation Security and counter-terrorism. Nanosystems industry. Information and telecommunication systems. Life Sciences. Promising types of weapons, military and special equipment. Rational environmental management. Transport and space systems. Energy efficiency, energy saving, nuclear energy.

Critical technologies Critical technologies are technologies that are of great socio-economic importance or important for the defense of the country and the security of the state List of critical technologies of the Russian Federation Basic and critical military and industrial technologies for the creation of promising types of weapons, military and special equipment. Basic technologies of power electrical engineering. Biocatalytic, biosynthetic and biosensor technologies. Biomedical and veterinary technologies. Genomic, proteomic and post-genomic technologies. Cellular technologies. Computer modeling of nanomaterials, nanodevices and nanotechnologies. Nano-, bio-, information, cognitive technologies. Technologies nuclear energy, nuclear fuel cycle, safe management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.

Bioengineering technologies. Diagnostic technologies for nanomaterials and nanodevices. Technologies for accessing broadband multimedia services. Technologies of information, control, navigation systems. Technologies of nanodevices and microsystem technology. Technologies of new and renewable energy sources, including hydrogen energy. Technologies for the production and processing of structural nanomaterials. Technologies for obtaining and processing functional nanomaterials. Technologies and software of distributed and high-performance computing systems. Condition monitoring and forecasting technologies environment, prevention and elimination of its pollution. Technologies for prospecting, exploration, development of mineral deposits and their extraction. \

Prevention and response technologies emergency situations natural and man-made. Technologies for reducing losses from socially significant diseases. Technologies for creating high-speed Vehicle and intelligent control systems for new types of transport. Technologies for creating new generation rocket, space and transport equipment. Technologies for creating electronic components and energy-efficient lighting devices. Technologies for creating energy-saving systems for transportation, distribution and use of energy. Technologies for energy efficient production and energy conversion using fossil fuels.

Examples of technological innovations (medicine, pharmacy) store/xml_catalog/?SECTION_ID=93 store/xml_catalog/?SECTION_ID=93 =17&art_id_1=153&group_id_4=58 =17&art_id_1=153&group_id_4=58 spx?section=53 spx?section=53

Social and technological Innovative social technologies are a set of techniques and methods aimed at studying, updating and optimizing innovative activities. As a result, innovations are created and materialized, causing qualitative changes in various spheres of life, focused on the rational use of material, economic and social resources. The structure of these technologies: innovative diagnostics and sociological study of innovations. Innovative diagnostics serves as a tool for analysis, diagnosis and forecast of the development of a specific innovation. Sociological research examines the dynamics of public opinion in relation to innovation. Innovative diagnostics are carried out in three stages: recording all problems that may arise; constructive rethinking of knowledge and operational refinement, design of innovation implementation; diagnostics of the innovation environment and the process of its implementation.

1. Wireless technologies 2. Defense technologies 3. Alternative technologies 4. Biotechnologies 5. Computers 6. Lasers 7. Genome 8. Global finance 9. Processors 10. Digital storage devices 11. Space 12. Fiber optics 13. Satellite radio and television 14. DNA analysis

15. Video games 16. Biometrics 17. Energy and water-saving technologies 18. Scanning microscope 19. Batteries 20. Anti-spam technologies 21. Remote controls 22. Animal cloning 23. Computer modeling technologies 24. Large screens 25. Prediction technologies weather

The Innovation Cube and the Innovator's Palette Even carefully thought-out and well-developed innovations from monster companies fail spectacularly. Let us give just a few examples from S. Ziman’s book “Shrimp or Success. Meaningless innovation or meaningful renewal": 1. The world's largest companies, Kimberly-Clark and Procter&Gamble, simultaneously began implementing the same idea - the production of moistened toilet paper in rolls. Sales volume was zero. 2. Several years ago, an attempt was made to change the image of Las Vegas as a "sin city" and make it a paradise for family leisure. Spent millions of dollars on advertising, attractions, family restaurants, etc. Realizing the fallacy of the idea of ​​a city where prostitution was legalized, they abandoned it. 3. Connecting Starbucks cafes to the Internet was a continuation of the company's strategy - maximum comfort for visitors, but when McDonald's took a similar step, the result was exactly the opposite. There the principle is completely different: get in quickly, get out quickly, plastic chairs and French fries. Philip Kotler in “Marketing in the Third Millennium” sneers: “Orientation towards innovation? – but is the consumer willing to pay for a sharper razor or a faster car? Failures in introducing new consumer goods to the market are 80%, and in the production of industrial goods - 30%. Here’s the dilemma: a company that doesn’t release new products “dies out,” and one that does, suffers large financial losses.”

The relationship of markets to innovation: B. Chakravorty, in the article “Bringing Innovation to Market,” published in the Harvard Business Review in 2004. 1. The market is hostile to innovation because it vitally needs to be in balance. Market equilibrium, as defined by the brilliant mind of Nobel laureate John Nash, is a situation in which each player in the market believes that he is choosing the best possible decision - and all other players do the same. 2. Market equilibrium gives consistency to the expectations of its players, justifies their choices and reinforces their actions. When an innovation enters the market, it disrupts hopes and intentions and introduces uncertainty into the decision-making process. 3. Market hostility towards innovation only increases when market players are interconnected. In a network market, each participant will switch to another product only if he is confident that the other players will do the same.

4. In recent years, an increasing number of markets have adopted the characteristics of networks - partly due to improved communication technologies and the spread of the Internet, partly due to increased confidence in the global market for products, capital and labor. In online markets, information, ideas and, in theory, innovations can spread instantly. But networks also pose huge barriers to innovation adoption, primarily due to the interdependence of players. 5. Innovators face two difficult challenges: first, they must disrupt the status quo of the entire system, and second, they must establish a new status quo by ensuring that enough players have adopted their innovation and think that will win at her expense.

Jack Welch, book “Jack. My years at GE: “You need to understand where you create real added value and direct your best people and resources there. Support functions, by definition, will not attract your best people. We have entrusted these functions to specialized companies, which have assigned their best employees to perform them. This is the essence of outsourcing."

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primary goal entrepreneurial activity- sustainable growth over a long period of time in the amount of profit, which is achieved largely due to the active innovation policy of the enterprise. Before starting the production of new products and entering the sales markets with innovations, it is necessary to conduct a study of consumer demand and the market situation.

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Peculiarity Russian market, generated back in the years of the administrative-command economic system, is the priority position of the producer in relation to the consumer. This type of market is called a “seller's market.” Its meaning is that first a product is developed and produced, and then a search for consumers of this product and sales methods is carried out. The “seller's market” actually establishes the dictatorship of the manufacturer over the consumer, depriving him of freedom of choice, and sometimes leading to a shortage of products.

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The experience of developed countries has shown that the “seller's market” is a serious obstacle to innovation, a brake on the development of the market for innovations, updating technologies and capacities, and the production of high-quality, competitive products. Objective laws of social development have led to the need to enter the market with products that a potential buyer expects and that meets his requirements. In countries with developed market relations, there has been a reorientation of production and sales of new products to meet the needs and demands of the consumer, and the “seller’s market” has been replaced by a “buyer’s market.” Thus, the “buyer’s market” that has gained its position dictates to the entrepreneur the need to produce products that a potential buyer agrees to purchase.

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In making decisions about the implementation of innovative activities of enterprises, marketing research of various market segments for which new products are intended plays a decisive role. The basis for market segmentation is the grouping of buyers according to various parameters, including needs, income level, age groups, geographic location, purchasing attitudes, established traditions and habits, etc. Among the main areas marketing research the innovation market must be goods, i.e. new products, services, technologies, information or other innovations offered to customers for purchase. In this case, one should take into account the life cycle of innovation, which is the period of time from the origin of an idea to the practical implementation of an innovation.

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The life cycle of innovation covers four stages. At the first stage, fundamental research is carried out in scientific organizations, as a result of which new scientific knowledge is formed. The second stage is characterized by applied and experimental research with a practical orientation. At this stage, there is a high probability of obtaining negative results, so the development of innovations is often risky. At the third stage, design and technological documentation is prepared, and intermediate results of innovation are presented as prototypes of new products, experimental use of new technologies. The fourth stage - commercialization of an innovation - continues from the moment it is launched into production until it appears on the market as a product

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Information function. The market is sometimes compared to a giant computer that collects and processes a huge amount of primary information about the state of the market environment and produces general indicators necessary for an entrepreneur to make decisions. An example of such information could be data on the dynamics of market prices, on the basis of which conclusions can be drawn about shortages or surpluses of certain types of products.

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Intermediary function In conditions of normal market relations and developed competition, the consumer can choose a supplier acceptable to him, and the seller, in turn, can choose a buyer who suits him. Thanks to the market, participants in the reproduction process have the opportunity to determine the feasibility and mutual benefit of economic and technological connections between them.

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Pricing function As a result of the interaction of sellers and buyers, the market sets mutually acceptable prices for goods, reflecting socially necessary labor costs and encouraging the manufacturer of innovations to find ways to reduce production costs.

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Regulatory function It is considered the most important and is associated with the impact of the market on such important stages of expanded reproduction as production, exchange, consumption and accumulation. Thanks to the regulatory function, the optimal structure of the economy is formed and competition among innovation producers develops.

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Sanitation function Fierce competition allows the economy to get rid of economically weak, chronically “sick”, unpromising business structures and open the way for highly efficient business units that pay due attention to innovation.

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Innovation activity is a process aimed at implementing the results of completed scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements in a new or improved product sold on the market, in a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related additional research and development.

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In connection with innovation, two models of entrepreneurship are distinguished. The classical model is traditional, reproductive, routine entrepreneurship. Within this model, the internal reserves of the enterprise are activated to increase profits and improve profitability. The success of such entrepreneurship is often linked to subsidies from government authorities.

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According to the degree of novelty, innovations are divided into: Basic innovations implement major inventions and are the basis for the formation of new generations and directions of technology development; Improving innovations are associated with the introduction of small and medium-sized inventions and prevail at the stages of dissemination and stable development of the scientific and technological cycle; Pseudo-innovations are aimed at partial improvement of outdated types of technology and technology

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According to the reasons for their occurrence, innovation is divided into Reactive innovations aimed at the survival of the company; they appear as a reaction to radical innovative transformations carried out by competitors. Strategic innovations are proactive in nature and aimed at obtaining significant competitive advantages in the future.18

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Hence, every enterprise has a need to create competitive advantages, and this can be achieved through the use of such a tool as innovation. Moreover, the faster the innovation process is carried out, the greater the likelihood of successful activity. Updating products and their timely appearance on the market increases the likelihood of making a profit, contributes to increasing the efficiency of entrepreneurship and the development of the national economy.

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The development of innovation processes is influenced by various groups of factors: economic, technological, political, legal, organizational and managerial, socio-psychological, cultural. Some factors promote innovation, while others hinder it. In the group of economic and technological factors, the presence of the necessary financial resources, material and technical means, advanced technologies, economic and scientific-technical infrastructure has a positive impact on the innovative activity of the enterprise. Innovation activities are hampered by the lack or lack of funds for investment, the weakness of the material and scientific-technical base, the predominance of the interests of current production, etc.

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An innovative enterprise develops an innovative project in its structural divisions or, on the basis of a contract, attracts an organization specializing in innovative entrepreneurship. In the case of large innovation projects, the second option is preferable. Financing of innovations is carried out at the expense of own, borrowed or attracted funds, extra-budgetary funds, budgets of various levels.

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The environmental effect is assessed by changes in the state of the environment as a result of technical innovations and can be both positive and negative. Indicators of this effect can be the levels of concentration of harmful substances in the soil, water and air basins, nuclear radiation, industrial and transport noise, etc.

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Economic effect Saving social labor: reducing the cost per unit of production, work and services, reducing operating costs, reducing specific capital investments. Volumetric economic effect: satisfaction of new social needs, an increase in sales volume on this basis, an increase in the amount of profit, an increase in national income. Structural economic effect. shifts in the distribution of resources between various areas of labor application, territories, and industries.

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The feasibility of carrying out innovative activities is determined by calculating the annual economic effect. The annual economic effect is the total savings in living labor, materials, capital investments, which is a consequence of the production and introduction of new products. Calculations must ensure the comparability of different options in terms of volume of products produced, quality parameters, and time factor , social factors of production and use of products, including the impact on the environment.