Presentation on the topic "high renaissance architecture". Renaissance architecture Download presentation Renaissance architecture
Lesson Objectives:
- Introduction to Renaissance architecture
- Consider the features of the architecture of the early Renaissance; high renaissance and late renaissance;
- Broaden your horizons, develop the skills of analyzing works of art;
- To educate national self-consciousness and self-identification, respect for the culture of other peoples of the planet, for the international cultural heritage.
Lesson assignment.
What is the significance of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance for World civilization and culture?
The name of the style was given by the artist, a researcher of Italian art, who wrote the book “Lives of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” (1568) by Giordano Vasari.
Vasari wrote: “It can be definitely asserted that the ancients did not reach such a height in their buildings and did not dare to take such a risk that would make them compete with the sky itself, as the Florentine dome seems to really compete with it, for it is so high that the mountains surrounding Florence seem equal to him. Indeed, one might think that heaven itself envies him, for he is constantly and often struck by lightning for days on end.
Founder of Italian Renaissance architecture
The founding father of Renaissance architecture is the architect and sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi 1377-1446. He began his career as the winner (with Ghiberti) of a competition to decorate the doors of the Florence Baptistery.
Periods in Italian Renaissance architecture
There are several stages in the development of the Renaissance in Italian architecture: early - 15th century, mature - 16th century and late.
Palladio at Vicenza. D. Arkin
Architect Vignola. Villa of Pope Julius III
Early Renaissance in Italy
The architecture becomes more rigorous and correctly found in proportion. Ornament is little used, architecture is expected to be monumental, representative, and, in some of the most significant buildings, grandeur. Late period came further development the previous one, but new features are also manifested in it - the desire for decorativeness, beauty and some complexity of architectural forms. A certain inconsistency arises between the desire for official, academic rigor in architecture and the desire for picturesqueness. The latter trend was later fully developed in Baroque architecture.
Early revival architecture
The greatest growth in revival architecture came in the 15th century. Then, antiquity began to actively and everywhere take root in the construction of buildings, and this time is usually called the era of the early renaissance (early renaissance).
The principles of construction have changed, and even at the stage of building planning, work was carried out differently. If in the Middle Ages buildings were clearly adjusted to the landscape and neighboring buildings, then during the early revival, architects planned strictly rectangular buildings with precise symmetry. Functionality no longer had a dominant role, but the antique character, on the contrary, acquired paramount importance. Public real estate was built with many decorative elements, and private houses were built, as a rule, in two floors with an obligatory courtyard.
In the design of this dome, Brunelleschi embodied new construction ideas that would have been difficult to implement without specially designed mechanisms. A unique creation of an engineering genius - built without fittings, a two-layer octagonal dome, covered with dark red tiles, connected with strong white ribs and crowned with an elegant white-marble skylight, has become a symbol of Florence.
Its diameter is 42 meters, the height is 91 meters from the floor of the cathedral, the light lantern is 16 meters high. The dome weighs about nine thousand tons without a heavy marble lantern.
The church of San Lorenzo was consecrated by St. Ambrosius in 393. In 1060 it was remade in the Romanesque style. In 1423 it was rebuilt by Brunelleschi in the style of the early Renaissance. The architectural composition is based on squares: four large ones form the choirs, the crossing and the wings of the transept; four more are united in the central nave; the remaining squares, which are 1/4 of the larger ones, form the side aisles and the chapels adjacent to the transept (the original project did not include rectangular chapels on the outside of the side aisles). However, there are some deviations from this plan. So, for example, the length of the wings of the transept is slightly longer than their width, and the length of the central nave is not 4, but 4.5 times its width" X. V. Janson.
Church of San Lorenzo
Pazzi Chapel, Florence
rectangular in plan with a loggia on the facade and an altar square in plan. Above the central square is an umbrella dome, and the side parts are covered with a barrel vault. The loggia of the main façade is bounded by a portico on six Corinthian columns. The vault of the gallery is covered with a large amount of finely molded ornamentation, typical of the style of the early Italian Renaissance.
Interior of the Pazzi Chapel
Brunelleschi used a favorite combination of straight and rounded lines, which gives the division system such softness. Dome windows, medallions with arches and windows, windows above the archivolts of arches also have a round shape. The walls are not overloaded with decorations, they are much lighter than the frame (pilaster), and there is free space between them and the frame. This gives rise to that feeling of lightness and special transparency that the interior of the Pazzi Chapel evokes.
Palace of the Medici. Architect Michelozzi. Built for Cosimo de' Medici il Vecchio between 1444 and 1464.
On the facades of the Palazzo Medici - severe and restrained, "fettered" by the relief of large rusticated stones gradually decreasing from floor to floor - a motif characteristic of the Florentine early Renaissance - orders were used only in the form of small columns separating paired windows (the theme of double windows turned into Renaissance architecture from Romano-Gothic architecture).
High Renaissance architecture
At the beginning of the 16th century, antiquity in architecture acquired the character of absolute dominance, having received the name - high renaissance. Now, without exception, the customers did not want to see even a drop of the Middle Ages in their homes. The streets of Italy began to be full of not just luxurious mansions, but palaces with extensive plantings. It should be noted that the Renaissance gardens known in history appeared just in this period.
Religious and public buildings also ceased to give the spirit of the past. Temples of new buildings, as if they had risen from the time of Roman paganism. Among the architectural monuments of this period, one can find monumental buildings with the obligatory presence of a dome.
Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome
In plan, the cathedral, designed by Bramante, was supposed to be a square with a Greek equal cross superimposed on it. In the center, a huge dome was conceived, with a diameter equal to the dome of the Pantheon.
Palazzo Farnese, Rome
Palazzo Farnese is a three-story building, divided into three tiers-floors in the decoration of the facade, it has a smooth wall surface lined with small plinth bricks. The rustication is applied only in the corners and in the frame of the central gate arch.
High Renaissance architecture in Northern Italy
The two-storied structure of an extended configuration, on the first floor of which there are retail premises behind the gallery, and on the second floor - the library itself, is decorated with order arcades.
St. Mark's Library, Venice
Late Renaissance architecture
The final stage of the reign of the Renaissance falls on the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. At the end of its existence, the architecture of the revival became more complex and elegant. This can be seen from the facades and decor of late Renaissance buildings. The general concept of the projects remained the same. Just as in previous periods, architects adhered to their relentless principles of symmetry. But, this approach, probably, got bored, and in construction there was a fashion for sophistication and richness of various kinds of decoration.
The functionality and practicality of such elements was absent; columns, semi-columns and the main element of the late Renaissance - sculptures were attached to buildings with or without reason.
Late Renaissance
Completion of St. Peter's Cathedral
Michelangelo appreciated Bramante's idea, he reduced the total building area, greatly simplified the structure of the plan, abandoned the corner towers and minor domed spaces, strengthened the walls and domed pylons.
Capitol Square, Rome
The palace is a two-story building with an open loggia on the ground floor. Both floors are united by a high order.
Medici Chapel in the Church of San Lorenzo
The upper part of the tombstones is processed in the form of two symmetrically arranged volutes, on which figures symbolizing Morning, Day, Evening and Night lie in tense poses, for the first time life-size figures were placed in the tombstones, it was these statues that caused particular admiration of the master's contemporaries.
Laurenzian Library, Florence
It consists of a vestibule with a staircase and a hall for storing and reading manuscripts.
The extensive construction that unfolded in Florence is changing the face of the city and, above all, its center, which has survived to this day. The main attention is focused on the development of the central-domed temple building and the city palace of the wealthy bourgeoisie and aristocracy.
A new direction in Italian architecture, at its inception, was associated with the processing of ancient traditions and the order system in relation to local building materials and structures. In the buildings of this time, the plane of the wall, its materiality, is again emphasized; the internal space, which acquires unity, is clearly limited. The proportionality of the proportions of the supporting and pressing parts is also achieved, in the rhythmic articulation of the building, the balance of horizontals and verticals is established.
The ancestor of Renaissance architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi (), a native of Florence. After an apprenticeship in a jewelry shop, Brunelleschi began his creative activity as a sculptor, taking part in a competition to create a relief for the bronze doors of the Florentine baptistery (baptistery). A multi-talented person who combined an interest in art with the knowledge of an engineer, the mind of an inventor, a mathematician, he soon devoted himself entirely to architecture.
His first major work was a grandiose octagonal dome () erected over the 14th century Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. The elongated dome with a diameter at the base of 42 m covers the altar part of the massive basilica. Its powerful, clear silhouette still reigns over the city, being perfectly perceived from a long distance. Using new structures, a frame system, Brunelleschi managed to do without scaffolding, constructing a hollow dome with two shells. He thus lightened the weight of the vault and reduced the thrust force acting on the walls of the octagonal drum. For the first time in Western European architecture, Brunelleschi gave a pronounced plastic volume of the dome, rising to the heavens and overshadowing, in the words of the architect Alberti, "all the Tuscan peoples." The enlarged scales of the forms of the dome, its powerful masses, articulated by strong ribs, are emphasized by the grace and fine workmanship of the decor of the lantern that completes it. In this building, erected to the glory of the city, the triumph of reason was embodied, an idea that determined the main direction of the Renaissance culture.
If during the construction of the dome Brunelleschi had to take into account the nature of the previously built parts of the cathedral, then he gave a completely new understanding of the architectural image in the Educational House (Ospedale degli Innocenti) in Florence () on Annunziata Square, the first civil building of the Renaissance, corresponding to the progressive ideas of the time. The two-storey facade of the house is distinguished by its simplicity and lightness of proportions, the clarity of horizontal and vertical articulations. On the lower floor, it is decorated with an elegant loggia, the semicircular arches of which rest on slender columns. They emphasize the friendly, hospitable character of the building. Between the arches there are round ceramic medallions by Andrea della Robbia depicting swaddled babies.
The constructive and decorative techniques found in the Orphanage were developed by Brunelleschi in the Pazzi Chapel at the Church of Santa Croce in Florence (begun in 1430). This small chapel, striking in its harmonic integrity, is located in the depths of a narrow monastery courtyard; rectangular in plan, it is completed with a light dome. Its facade is a six-columned Corinthian portico with a large middle span covered by an arch. The slender proportions of the columns, the high attic above them, combined with new decorative elements, speak of a sense of proportion, of the creative application of the ancient order. With the help of the order system, the interior space of the chapel was also decided. Its walls, divided by pilasters into equal segments, are decorated with niches and round medallions. The pilasters end with a cornice bearing a vault and semicircular arches. Sculptural decorations and ceramics, graphic elegance of lines, contrasting color solutions emphasize the plane of the walls, convey integrity and clarity to a light, spacious interior.
One of the most important problems of Italian architecture of the 15th century was the development of the basic principles for the construction of the palazzo (city palace), which served as a prototype for later public buildings. At this time, a type of majestic building was created, rectangular in plan, with a single closed volume, with many rooms located around the courtyard. The name of Brunelleschi is associated with the construction of the central part of the Palazzo Pitti (begun in 1440) in Florence, laid out from huge, roughly hewn stone blocks (block masonry was called rust). The rough texture of the stone enhances the power of architectural forms. Horizontal tie-belts emphasize the division of the building into three floors. Huge eight-meter portal windows complete the impression of proud, austere strength produced by this palace.
The next stage in the development of Renaissance architecture was the work of Leon Battista Alberti (), an encyclopedic theorist, author of a number of scientific treatises on art ("Ten Books on Architecture"). In the Palazzo Rucellai in Florence (), a three-story Renaissance palace with a courtyard and rooms located around, designed by him, Alberti introduces a system of pilasters that divide the wall into floors, an entablature and lightweight rustication with a smooth polished surface.
Church of Santa Maria Novella (Florence)
In religious architecture, striving for grandeur and simplicity, Alberti used the motifs of Roman triumphal arches and arcades (Church of Sant'Andrea in Mantua) in the design of facades. The name Alberti is rightfully considered one of the first among the great creators of the culture of the Italian Renaissance.
So did the Early Renaissance bot and other architects such as: Michelozzo di Bartolomeo who created the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi ()
In northern Italy, the development of Renaissance art followed different paths. For centuries, the interests of Venice, a prosperous trading republic, were mainly connected with Byzantium and other countries of the East. The Turkish conquests deprived the Venetians of traditional markets, including them in the orbit of Italian interests proper. The Renaissance movement penetrated here slowly and gradually. In the art of Venice, Byzantine traditions and Gothic influence dominated for a long time. For example, erected in the first half of the XV century. the exquisite Palazzo Cad Oro (Golden Palace), which got its name from the fact that part of the decoration of its facade was gilded, still retains many Gothic features. Researchers attribute this famous building to the so-called Venetian Gothic stage.
The next stage of the Venetian Early Renaissance belongs to the Palazzo Vendramin Calergi (), created by Pietro Lombardo (ok and Marco Coduccio (ok). The facade of the palace, as well as the facade of the Florentine palazzos, is divided into three floors, but an openwork loggia is highlighted in its center; underlined also the special lightness, picturesqueness, festivity of its architecture.Lombardo and Coduccio built religious buildings in Venice.Often breaking the classical rules, they created decorative and somewhat fantastic facades lined with colored marble.
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The concept of "Renaissance" (Renaissance) appeared in the 16th century, it was introduced by the artist Giorgio Vasari, who wrote the treatise "Lives of the Most Famous Painters, Sculptors and Architects" (1550). By this term, he meant a revival of interest in the ancient heritage and a return to the ancient elements in art, in particular, to the order system in architecture. The return of ancient forms marked the end of the dark period of the Middle Ages with the religious dominance of the church.
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During the Renaissance (15th-17th centuries), the huge buildings of the Middle Ages were replaced by buildings reminiscent of ancient buildings in their forms and decor.
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The basis of the architecture of the Renaissance was the heritage of the architecture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome: symmetry, proportionality, scaling relative to the parameters of the human body, order system, rhythm in the arrangement of elements and decoration of facades. In terms of buildings, Renaissance architectures are most often rectangular in shape with axial symmetry and modular proportions. In addition, there is a rhythm in the arrangement of windows and cornices in the facades.
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The development of the Renaissance - style in architecture was facilitated by the emergence of new technologies in construction and the production of materials, there was a division of labor between the designer-architect and master builders, the structures had authors whose names were imprinted on the projects. Renaissance architecture was described in the works of Leon Batista Alberti "Ten Books on Architecture", which became a guide for many European architects from different countries. Alberti in his own projects used pilasters for dividing walls, interfloor entablature, a wide common cornice, rusticating the walls, finishing the windows with masonry. At this time, the ancient heritage is completely replaced by medieval elements in buildings. In temple construction, the architects switched from a cross vault to a box vault, and the dome rests on massive pillars.
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Representatives of Renaissance architecture were Vignola (Il Gesu in Rome, Villa Farnese in Viterbo), Vasari (Uffizi Gallery in Florence), A. Palladio (villas, basilicas, theater in Vincenza), Galeazzo Alessi (Church of the Madonna de Carignano, Spinola Palace, Sauli Palace in Genoa), Baldassare Peruzzi (Farnesian Villa, Palazzo Massimi in Rome), Rafael Santi (Pandolfini Palace in Florence), Antonio da Sagallo (Palazzo Farnese in Rome), Venetian Jacopo Tatti Sansovino (Library of St. Mark, Palazzo Corne) .
Slide 7: The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi) in Florence, architect Vasari. 1560-1581
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The beginning of a new style was laid in Italy. Art critics believe that the Renaissance began in 1401. This year, the masters from Florence Filippo Brunelleschi (Filippo Brunelleschi. 1377-1446) and Donatello (Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi, Donate di Niccolo di Betto Bardi. circa 1386-1466 .) took part in the competition for the design of the doors of the Florentine baptistery, but did not win it and went to explore the ruins of Rome.
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Here they sketched a variety of fragments of the remains of ancient structures: columns, profiles, cornices, capitals, examined foundations, building plans, understood the design features of ancient buildings. It was their research that laid the foundation for Renaissance architecture, which later became widespread in different countries.
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Florence became the main center of art and culture of the Renaissance. Filippo Brunelleschi in 1417 won the competition for the design of the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, in his work he proposed an octagonal hollow dome with two shells, lightening the weight of the vault, reducing the thrust force acting on the walls of the dome (the dome was built in 1420-1436 .).
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The main design find of the dome is the bending of the ribs, which helps to endure a large load, as well as the technology of simultaneous construction of all eight ribs. Based on his studies of ancient architecture, Brunelleschi formed his own architectural language. His structures were lighter and more graceful compared to the ancient models that underlie his work. His way of conveying ancient forms and decor was reflected in the buildings of the Renaissance, and then reflected in the style of classicism, baroque, rococo, empire.
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The prototype of Renaissance architecture in residential buildings of the 15th century. became a palazzo - a city palace. In plan, it was a rectangular building with a central-axial composition and a courtyard. For example, Palazzo Pitti (Palazzo Pitti. construction began in 1440). It was built from stone blocks with a rough surface. The building was divided into 3 floors, emphasized on the facade by horizontal rods. The height of the windows overlooking the main facade is 8 meters.
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Slide 15: Palazzo Pitti, architect Michelozzo, start of construction 1440
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At the beginning of the 16th century Donato d'Angelo Bramante (Donato (Donnino) di Pascuccio di Antonio detto il Bramante. 1444-1514) is considered a representative of Renaissance architecture. The Tempietto rotunda, built in 1502 in the courtyard of the monastery of San Pietro in, can serve as a model of his work. "Montorio. In plan - this is a round building with a rounded dome and a three-stage base, surrounded by a Roman-Doric colonnade. Under Pope Julius II, Bramante was working on the reconstruction of the Vatican, creating a single complex of disparate buildings. He owns the project of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome with symmetrical composition: in plan it is a combination of a square with a cross Bramante was finishing work on the Palazzo Cancholleria, which A. Bregno began to build.
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Slide 17: Palazzo Canciolleria (1483-1526), architect Bramante. Rome
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The representative of the Renaissance - style in architecture, the architect Andrea Palladio created both churches and country villas, introducing the idea of a "colossal" order on 2 or 3 floors, this system was called the "Palladian order". Great Italian architect of the late Renaissance and Mannerism. Founder of Palladianism and Classicism. Born: November 30, 1508 Venice, Republic of Venice Died: August 19, 1580 (aged 71) Vicenza Palladio Andrea 1508-1580
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Slide 19: Villa Rotunda in Vicenza
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Slide 21: "Colossal" warrant Andrea Palladio. Villa Foscari. 1558-60 Malcontent. Mira
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In the second half of the 16th century in Renaissance architecture, structures appear more often that have become a more accurate reproduction of the buildings of ancient classics, however, all the same, they were lighter and more elegant. In the middle of the 16th century the western façade of the Louvre was built (this wing is the oldest in the building) by the architect Pieter Lescot (Lescot).
The Renaissance style in architecture was embodied in the Écouan castle (château d "Écouen - now the National Museum of the Renaissance), the palace in Blois (château de Blois) in France. The Escorial monastery was built in the Renaissance style (art historians call it a "monotonous symphony in stone") architect X .de Toledo, J. de Herrera (Juan de Herrera; 1530-1597), in Spain Altenburg City Hall, part of the Cologne City Hall (Kölner Rathaus), Heidelberg Castle (Heidelberger Schloss), Fürstenhof (Wilmar) in Germany.
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Slide 26: El Escorial Monastery. The main architect of the project is Juan Bautista de Toledo, after 1569 the work was continued by Juan de Herrera. Spain
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The architecture of the Renaissance used the techniques and decor of antiquity, but the functions of the structures being erected changed: huge sports facilities, public baths, as in Rome, large temples, as in Ancient Greece, were no longer built. Accordingly, the scale of structures has also changed, which began to correspond to the size of the human body. The specificity of the style of architecture of the Renaissance was created by the creativity of architects who rethought the ancient heritage, including the order system, which became the style-forming one.
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Last presentation slide: Renaissance architecture
The art of the Middle Ages began to be perceived as the architecture of the barbarians, however, the masters continued to use Gothic motifs in new buildings in combination with new techniques, which determined the differences from the antiquity of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The specificity of local schools under the guidance of famous masters provided a variety of aspects of architecture of this era.
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture - the period of development of architecture in European countries from the beginning of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century, in the general course of the revival and development of the foundations of the spiritual and material culture of Ancient Greece and Rome. This period is a turning point in the History of Architecture, especially in relation to the preceding architectural style, the Gothic.
Gothic as opposed to architecture I was looking for a renaissance inspiration in your own interpretations of the Classic art.
special meaning
special meaning in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportions,
geometry and order of constituent parts, about as the survivors clearly testify examples of Roman architecture. Complex proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
inspiration in your own interpretations of the Classic art.
special meaning
special meaning in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportions,
geometry and order of constituent parts, about as the survivors clearly testify examples of Roman architecture. Complex proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
art.
special meaning
special meaning in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportions,
geometry and order of constituent parts, about as the survivors clearly testify examples of Roman architecture. Complex proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
special meaning in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportions,
as the survivors clearly testify examples of Roman architecture. Complex proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
Development of Renaissance Architecture
The development of Renaissance architecture led to innovations in the use
construction techniques and materials,
to the development of architectural
vocabulary. It is important to note,
that the revival movement
characterized by a departure from
the anonymity of artisans
and the emergence of personal
style of architects.
Few masters are known
who built works
also in the Romanesque style
like the architects
who built magnificent
gothic cathedrals.
While the works
renaissance,
even small buildings
just projects were neat
documented from the very beginning
appearance. 
First Representative
First Representative
