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Alloys are all systems obtained by fusion of any substances. For example, non-metallic alloys: granite, gneiss, basalt, silicate glasses, metallurgical slags, etc.

But metal alloys are of the greatest importance.

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Receiving alloys

Alloys are obtained by mixing various metals and other components in a molten state with their solidification during subsequent cooling.

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Alloy properties

The chemical bond in alloys is metallic, so they have the same physical properties as metals: metallic luster, ductility, electrical and thermal conductivity, etc.

But these properties are somewhat changed into more useful properties for humans.

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Bronze

An alloy of copper with other metals.

Distinguish:

• Tin bronze (20% tin),
• Aluminum bronze (5-11% aluminium)
• Lead bronze (up to 33% lead)

Application:

• manufacturing of machine parts,
• artistic castings

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Brass

Alloy of copper and zinc (up to 30-35% zinc)

• Properties: high ductility
• Application: decorative art objects

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Duralumin

Aluminum alloy (up to 95%) with additions of magnesium, copper, manganese.

• Features: lightweight, durable.
• Application: in aircraft industry, mechanical engineering, construction, etc.

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Cast iron and steel

The most common alloys containing iron are:

Cast iron: an iron-based alloy containing 2 to 4.5% carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur

• Properties: harder than iron, very brittle, not forged
• Application: production of massive parts by casting (cast iron), processing into steel (pig iron)

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Steel: iron-based alloy containing less than 2% carbon

• Types: Carbon steel - an alloy of iron with carbon and a smaller amount of manganese, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus.
• Application: machine parts, pipes, bolts, nails, paper clips, tools

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Alloy steel - an alloy of iron and carbon with special alloying additives: chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium

Depending on the additives, the properties of steel change:

• Chrome and nickel - heat resistance, acid resistance, ductility, corrosion resistance.
• Tungsten - hardness, heat resistance, wear resistance.
• Titanium - mechanical strength at high temperatures, corrosion resistance

Slide 18

Chemistry. Grade 9 Multimedia tutorial of a new sample. Edition electronic library Enlightenment, CJSC Enlightenment Media, 2005

Chemistry lessons grades 8-9. Virtual School of Cyril and Methodius. LLC Cyril and Methodius, 2004

View all slides

Classification of alloys.

technology teacher

MAOU secondary school №29

Kaliningrad

Archakova O.P.

Metal

A substance with high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, malleability, gloss, hardness, plasticity and other characteristic properties.

Metal

black colored

Alloys

black colored

(steel, cast iron) (bronze, brass, duralumin)

Technological properties of metals

ductility

fluidity

weldability

machinability

hardenability

cast iron

Alloy of iron with carbon, carbon content from 2.14% to 6.67%. A cheap machine-building material with good casting qualities is a raw material for steelmaking.

Pig iron is obtained from iron ore using fuel and fluxes.

cast iron

Gray

White malleable

white cast iron

Very hard and brittle alloy, difficult to cast, difficult to process with a cutting tool. Usually goes to be melted down into steel or ductile iron.

Gray cast iron

Low-ductility and ductile alloy, easily processed by cutting, used for low-responsibility parts and wear parts.

malleable iron

Obtained by heat treatment from white cast iron. It has increased ductility and toughness, high tensile strength and increased impact resistance. Parts of complex shape are made of ductile iron: brake shoes, tees, squares.

Ductile iron

It is obtained by introducing special additives into liquid gray cast iron. This cast iron is used for the manufacture of more critical products, replacing steel.

Alloy cast iron

This cast iron, along with the usual impurities, contains alloying elements: chromium, nickel, titanium, etc. These elements increase strength, hardness and wear resistance. They are used for the manufacture of machine parts with enhanced mechanical properties operating in aggressive environments.

Steel

Alloy of iron with carbon, carbon content up to 2.1%. A material with good processing properties.

It is applied in mechanical engineering, on transport, in construction and in life.

Steel

Carbon alloyed

Carbon steel

Carbon steel is classified according to purpose and quality.

By appointment, it is divided into structural and instrumental.

On quality on steel of usual quality and high-quality.

Structural steel

Structural steel of ordinary quality has low strength. It is used for the manufacture of rivets, washers, bolts, nuts.

Structural steel of high quality is characterized by increased strength.

Shafts, pulleys, gears are made from it.

Tool steel

Tool steel has greater hardness and strength than structural steel.

Tool steel is used for the manufacture of chisels, hammers, thread-cutting tools, drills, cutters.

Alloy steel

Alloy steel, along with the usual impurities, contains elements that improve its properties, these elements are called alloying.

Chromium- Increases hardness and corrosion resistance.

Tungsten- Increases hardness and redness.

Manganese- increases wear resistance.

Special steel

Special steels are steels with special properties:

heat resistant

wear-resistant

Stainless.

Brass

An alloy of copper and zinc. The zinc content in the alloy is from 4% to 45%. The more zinc, the higher the mechanical strength of brass. The composition of brass can also include aluminum, nickel, iron, manganese.

Brass is used to make parts and products that work in a water environment.

Bronze

An alloy of copper with tin or lead. It has high anti-friction and mechanical properties, as well as good corrosion resistance.

Bronze is used to make fittings and parts of mechanisms operating in a humid atmosphere and other aggressive environments.

Duralumin

An alloy of aluminum, copper and magnesium. It has increased plasticity, low specific gravity and high corrosion resistance.

Duralumin is used to obtain sheets, wire, tape, shaped profiles and various parts made by forging, stamping, pressing.

babbit

An alloy of tin and lead with copper and antimony.

Bearings are filled with babbits. Working under heavy load.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Description of the slide:

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Description of the slide:

Alloys are macroscopic homogeneous systems consisting of two or more metals with characteristic metallic properties. For example: metallic luster, high electrical and thermal conductivity. Sometimes the alloy components can be not only chemical elements, but also chemical compounds with metallic properties.

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Description of the slide:

Northern gold: Northern gold is a gold-colored copper-aluminum alloy from which the coins are made. It does not contain gold, and its name is very difficult to mislead, since the color and weight of "northern gold" is not at all like real gold.

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Description of the slide:

Alloys of iron (fe) Subcategories: Steel-wrought alloy of iron and carbon. Steel is the most important structural material for mechanical engineering, transport, construction and other sectors of the national economy.

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Description of the slide:

Brass is a double or multi-component alloy based on copper, where the main alloying element is zinc, sometimes with the addition of tin, nickel, lead, manganese, iron and other elements.

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Description of the slide:

Will win - ceramic-metal hard alloy. Hard alloy of tungsten carbide WC and cobalt in the ratio of 90% and 10% of the mass, respectively. It is close to diamond in hardness and is used in rock drilling. Developed in 1929 in the USSR, where it was mainly used for cutting tools. Now the alloy is used to equip drawing tools, as cutters, etc. When creating, methods of powder metallurgy are used. Metal-ceramic alloys have a particularly high hardness. Pobedit is produced in the form of plates of various shapes and sizes. The manufacturing process is as follows: fine powder of tungsten carbide or other refractory carbide and fine powder of cobalt or nickel binder metal are mixed and then pressed into appropriate shapes. The pressed plates are sintered at a temperature close to the melting point of the binder metal, resulting in a very dense and hard alloy. Plates from this superhard alloy are used for the manufacture of metal-cutting and drilling tools. The plates are soldered onto the holders of the cutting tool with copper. Heat treatment is not required. At present, other tungsten-cobalt alloys have been developed, however, the name “pobedit” continues to be used for them.

7 slide

Description of the slide:

Nichrome is the common name for a group of alloys consisting, depending on the grade of the alloy, of 55-78% nickel, 15-23% chromium, with the addition of manganese, silicon, iron, and aluminum. The first nichrome alloy was developed in the USA in 1905 by A. Marsh. The main advantages of nichrome alloys are high heat resistance in an oxidizing atmosphere (up to 1250 ° C), high electrical resistance (1.05-1.4 Ohm / mm² m). Nichrome is used for the manufacture of heating elements of electric furnaces, household appliances. Nichrome is used to make parts operating at high temperatures, resistor elements, and rheostats. The main alloy grades used are Kh20N80, Kh15N60, KhN70Yu. Physical Properties nichrome electrical resistivity - 1÷1.1 Ohm mm²/m (depending on alloy grade) density - 8200-8500 kg/m³ melting point - 1100-1400 °C operating temperature - 800-1100 °C specific heat capacity - 0 .45 kJ/(kg*K) at 25°C tensile strength - 0.65-0.70 GPa

8 slide

Description of the slide:

Manganin is a thermostable alloy based on copper (about 85%) with the addition of manganese (Mn) (11.5-13.5%) and nickel (Ni) (2.5-3.5%). It is characterized by an extremely small change in electrical resistance in the region of room temperatures. For the first time, Manganin was proposed - the main material for electrical measuring instruments and exemplary resistances - store standards, bridge circuits, shunts, additional resistances for high-precision devices. The maximum operating temperature is 300 °C. A significant advantage of manganin over constantan is that manganin has a very low thermoelectric power paired with copper (no more than 1 μV / 1 ° C), therefore, only manganin is used in high-precision devices. At the same time, manganin, unlike constantan, is unstable against corrosion in an atmosphere containing vapors of acids, ammonia, and is also sensitive to a significant change in air humidity.

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Description of the slide:

Alloys are macroscopic homogeneous systems consisting of two or more metals with characteristic metallic properties. For example: metallic luster, high electrical and thermal conductivity. Sometimes the alloy components can be not only chemical elements, but also chemical compounds with metallic properties.

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Description of the slide:

Alloys - Al Nordic Gold: Nordic Gold is a gold-colored copper-aluminum alloy from which the coins are made. It does not contain gold, and its name is very difficult to mislead, since the color and weight of "northern gold" is not at all like real gold.

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Description of the slide:

Pobedit Pobedit - ceramic-metal hard alloy. Hard alloy of tungsten carbide WC and cobalt in the ratio of 90% and 10% of the mass, respectively. It is close to diamond in hardness and is used in rock drilling. Developed in 1929 in the USSR, where it was mainly used for cutting tools. Now the alloy is used to equip drawing tools, as cutters, etc. When creating, methods of powder metallurgy are used. Metal-ceramic alloys have a particularly high hardness. Pobedit is produced in the form of plates of various shapes and sizes. The manufacturing process is as follows: fine powder of tungsten carbide or other refractory carbide and fine powder of cobalt or nickel binder metal are mixed and then pressed into appropriate shapes. The pressed plates are sintered at a temperature close to the melting point of the binder metal, resulting in a very dense and hard alloy. Plates from this superhard alloy are used for the manufacture of metal-cutting and drilling tools. The plates are soldered onto the holders of the cutting tool with copper. Heat treatment is not required. At present, other tungsten-cobalt alloys have been developed, however, the name “pobedit” continues to be used for them.

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Description of the slide:

Nichrome Nichrome is the general name for a group of alloys consisting, depending on the grade of the alloy, of 55-78% nickel, 15-23% chromium, with the addition of manganese, silicon, iron, and aluminum. The first nichrome alloy was developed in the USA in 1905 by A. Marsh. The main advantages of nichrome alloys are high heat resistance in an oxidizing atmosphere (up to 1250 ° C), high electrical resistance (1.05-1.4 Ohm / mm² m). Nichrome is used for the manufacture of heating elements of electric furnaces, household appliances. Nichrome is used to make parts operating at high temperatures, resistor elements, and rheostats. The main alloy grades used are Kh20N80, Kh15N60, KhN70Yu. Physical properties of nichrome electrical resistivity - 1÷1.1 Ohm mm²/m (depending on alloy grade) density - 8200-8500 kg/m³ melting point - 1100-1400 °C operating temperature - 800-1100 °C specific heat capacity - 0.45 kJ/(kg*K) at 25°C tensile strength - 0.65-0.70 GPa

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Description of the slide:

Manganin Manganin is a thermostable alloy based on copper (about 85%) with the addition of manganese (Mn) (11.5-13.5%) and nickel (Ni) (2.5-3.5%). It is characterized by an extremely small change in electrical resistance in the region of room temperatures. For the first time, Manganin was proposed - the main material for electrical measuring instruments and exemplary resistances - store standards, bridge circuits, shunts, additional resistances for high-precision devices. The maximum operating temperature is 300 °C. A significant advantage of manganin over constantan is that manganin has a very low thermoelectric power paired with copper (no more than 1 μV / 1 ° C), therefore, only manganin is used in high-precision devices. At the same time, manganin, unlike constantan, is unstable against corrosion in an atmosphere containing vapors of acids, ammonia, and is also sensitive to a significant change in air humidity.

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Alloys are materials with characteristic properties, consisting of two or more components, of which at least one is a metal. The components of alloys can be both non-metals and compounds.

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Alloys are: Homogeneous (when, during fusion, a solution of one metal is formed in another) Heterogeneous (it is a mechanical mixture of metals)

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Homogeneous and inhomogeneous alloys

green gold aluminum bronze (homogeneous alloy - (heterogeneous alloy) alloy of gold with silver and red copper additives)

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Alloys are often classified according to composition: copper alloys aluminum alloys nickel alloys titanium alloys

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Alloys are: Alloys of ferrous (iron) metals (iron and all its alloys) Alloys of non-ferrous metals (other metals and their alloys)

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Ferrous (iron) alloys Cast iron Steel cast iron cookware steel bridge

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Cast iron is an iron-based alloy containing from 2 to 4.5% carbon, as well as manganese, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur. Cast iron is divided into: Foundry iron (used for the manufacture of massive parts by casting) Pig iron (used for processing into steel)

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Steel is an iron-based alloy containing less than 2% carbon. According to the chemical composition of steel, they are divided into two main types: Carbon steel (an alloy of iron with carbon, but, unlike cast iron, the content of carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, manganese, silicon is much less) Alloy steel (an alloy of iron with carbon, as well as special alloying additives: chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and others.

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Non-ferrous alloys: Bronze is an alloy based on copper with the addition (up to 20%) of tin. Used in mechanical engineering, as well as for artistic casting. figurine cast in bronze

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Non-ferrous alloys: Brass is a copper alloy containing 10 to 50% zinc. Used in motor building. For the manufacture of furniture fittings. brass window hardware

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Non-ferrous alloys: Cupronickel is an alloy containing about 80% copper and 20% nickel, similar in appearance to silver. Used for the manufacture of inexpensive cutlery and art products. cupronickel art product