Nuclear power plants (NPP). Presentation on the topic "atomic energy" Nuclear energy and its environmental
Nuclear energy is a field of technology based on the use of the fission reaction of atomic nuclei to generate heat and generate electricity. In 1990, nuclear power plants (NPPs) of the world produced 16% of electricity. Such power plants operated in 31 countries and were built in 6 more countries. The nuclear energy sector is most significant in France, Belgium, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria and Switzerland, i.e. in those industrialized countries where there is not enough natural energy resources. These countries generate between a quarter and a half of their electricity from nuclear power plants. The US generates only an eighth of its electricity from nuclear power plants, but that's about one-fifth of the world's.
With the development of human society, energy consumption has continuously increased. So. if a million years ago it was about 0.1 kW per capita per year, and 100 thousand years ago - 0.3 kW, then in the 15th century. - 1.4 kW, at the beginning of the 20th century. -3.9 kW, and by the end of the 20th century. - already 10 kw. Although fossil fuels are now almost half used, it is clear that their reserves will soon be exhausted. Other sources are needed, and one of the most realistic is nuclear fuel.
Modern nuclear power plant 0.3 g nuclear fuel tons of coal
What is a nuclear reactor? A nuclear reactor is a device in which a controlled nuclear chain reaction is carried out, accompanied by the release of energy. A nuclear reactor is a device in which a controlled nuclear chain reaction is carried out, accompanied by the release of energy.
In Europe, the F-1 plant was the first nuclear reactor. It was launched on December 25, 1946 in Moscow under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov. In Europe, the F-1 installation became the first nuclear reactor. It was launched on December 25, 1946 in Moscow under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov
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Hydroelectric power stationsPeople have long thought about how to make rivers work. Already in ancient times - in Egypt, China, India - water mills for grinding grain appeared long before windmills - in the state of Urartu (on the territory of present-day Armenia), but were known as early as the 13th century. BC e. One of the first power plants were "Hydroelectric". These power plants were built on mountain rivers where there is a fairly strong current. The construction of the hydroelectric power station made it possible to make many rivers navigable, since the construction of the dams raised the water level and flooded the river rapids, which prevented the free passage of river vessels.
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Conclusions: To create a pressure of water, a dam is needed. However, hydroelectric dams worsen the habitat conditions for aquatic fauna. Damped rivers, having slowed down, bloom, vast areas of arable land go under water. Settlements (in the case of the construction of a dam) will be flooded, the damage that will be inflicted is incomparable with the benefits of building a hydroelectric power station. In addition, a system of locks is needed for the passage of ships and fish passage or water intake structures for irrigating fields and water supply. And although hydroelectric power plants have considerable advantages over thermal and nuclear power plants, since they do not need fuel and therefore generate cheaper electricity
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Thermal power plants At thermal power plants, the source of energy is fuel: coal, gas, oil, fuel oil, oil shale. The efficiency of TPP reaches 40%. Most of the energy is lost along with hot steam emissions. From an environmental point of view, thermal power plants are the most polluting. The activity of thermal power plants is inherently associated with the combustion of a huge amount of oxygen and the formation of carbon dioxide and oxides of other chemical elements. In combination with water molecules, they form acids, which fall on our heads in the form of acid rain. Let's not forget about the "greenhouse effect" - its impact on climate change is already being observed!
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Nuclear power plantReserves of energy sources are limited. According to various estimates, coal deposits in Russia, at the current level of its production, remain for 400-500 years, and even less gas - for 30-60. This is where nuclear power comes into play. Nuclear power plants are beginning to play an increasingly important role in the energy sector. Currently, nuclear power plants in our country provide about 15.7% of electricity. A nuclear power plant is the basis of the energy industry using nuclear energy for the purposes of electrification and heating.
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Conclusions: Nuclear energy is based on the fission of heavy nuclei by neutrons with the formation of two nuclei from each - fragments and several neutrons. In this case, enormous energy is released, which is subsequently spent on heating the steam. The operation of any plant or machine, in general any human activity, is associated with the possibility of a risk to human health and the environment. As a rule, people are more wary of new technologies, especially if they have heard about possible accidents. And nuclear power plants are no exception.
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Wind farms For a very long time, seeing what destruction storms and hurricanes can bring, people thought about whether it was possible to use wind energy. Wind energy is very high. This energy can be obtained without polluting environment. But the wind has two significant drawbacks: the energy is highly dispersed in space and the wind is unpredictable - it often changes direction, suddenly calms down even in the windiest regions of the globe, and sometimes reaches such strength that it breaks windmills. To obtain wind energy, a variety of designs are used: from multi-blade "chamomile" and propellers like aircraft propellers with three, two, and even one blade to vertical rotors. Vertical structures are good because they catch the wind of any direction; the rest have to turn with the wind.
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Conclusions: The construction, maintenance and repair of wind turbines operating around the clock in the open air in any weather are not cheap. Wind farms of the same capacity as a hydroelectric power plant, thermal power plant or nuclear power plant, in comparison, must occupy a very large area in order to somehow compensate for the variability of the wind. Windmills are placed so that they do not block each other. Therefore, huge "wind farms" are being built, in which wind turbines stand in rows over a vast area and work for a single network. In calm weather, such a power plant can use water collected at night. The placement of windmills and reservoirs require large areas that are used for plowing. In addition, wind farms are not harmless: they interfere with the flights of birds and insects, make noise, reflect radio waves with rotating blades, interfering with TV reception in nearby settlements.
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Solar power plants In the heat balance of the Earth, solar radiation plays a decisive role. The power of the radiation incident on the Earth determines the maximum power that can be generated on the Earth without a significant violation of the heat balance. The intensity of solar radiation and the duration of sunshine in the southern regions of the country make it possible with the help of solar panels to obtain a sufficiently high temperature of the working fluid for its use in thermal installations.
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Conclusions: Large dispersion of energy and instability of its receipt are the disadvantages of solar energy. These shortcomings are partially offset by the use of storage devices, but still the Earth's atmosphere prevents the receipt and use of "clean" solar energy. To increase the power of the solar power plant, it is necessary to install a large number of mirrors and solar batteries - heliostats, which must be equipped with an automatic tracking system for the position of the sun. The transformation of one type of energy into another is inevitably accompanied by the release of heat, which leads to overheating of the earth's atmosphere.
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Geothermal energyAbout 4% of all water reserves on our planet are concentrated underground - in the rock masses. Waters whose temperature exceeds 20 degrees Celsius are called thermal. Groundwater is heated as a result of radioactive processes occurring in the bowels of the earth. People have learned to use the deep heat of the Earth for economic purposes. In countries where thermal waters come close to the surface of the earth, geothermal power plants (geoTPPs) are being built. Geothermal power plants are relatively simple: there is no boiler room, fuel supply equipment, ash collectors and many other devices necessary for thermal power plants. Since the fuel at such power plants is free, the cost of electricity generated is low.
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Nuclear power The branch of energy that uses nuclear energy for electrification and heating; The field of science and technology that develops methods and means for converting nuclear energy into electrical and thermal energy. The basis of nuclear energy is nuclear power plants. The first nuclear power plant (5 MW), which marked the beginning of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, was launched in the USSR in 1954. By the beginning of the 90s. more than 430 nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of about 340 GW were operating in 27 countries of the world. According to experts' forecasts, the share of nuclear energy in the overall structure of electricity generation in the world will continuously increase, provided that the basic principles of the concept of safety of nuclear power plants are implemented.
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Development of nuclear energy 1942 in the USA under the leadership of Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor was built FERMI (Fermi) Enrico (1901-54), Italian physicist, one of the founders of nuclear and neutron physics, founder of scientific schools in Italy and the USA, foreign corresponding member Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929). In 1938 he emigrated to the USA. Developed quantum statistics (Fermi-Dirac statistics; 1925), the theory of beta decay (1934). Opened (with collaborators) artificial radioactivity caused by neutrons, moderation of neutrons in matter (1934). He built the first nuclear reactor and was the first to carry out a nuclear chain reaction in it (12/2/1942). Nobel Prize (1938).
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Development of Nuclear Energy In 1946, the first European reactor was created in the Soviet Union under the leadership of Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov. KURCHATOV Igor Vasilievich (1902/03-1960), Russian physicist, organizer and leader of work on atomic science and technology in the USSR, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1943), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Investigated ferroelectrics. Together with his collaborators, he discovered nuclear isomerism. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, the first domestic cyclotron was built (1939), spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei was discovered (1940), mine protection for ships was developed, the first nuclear reactor in Europe (1946), the first atomic bomb in the USSR (1949), the world's first thermonuclear bomb ( 1953) and NPP (1954). Founder and first director of the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1943, since 1960 - named after Kurchatov).
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Assess the positive and negative aspects of the use of nuclear energy in modern society. Form ideas related to the threat to peace and humanity when using nuclear energy.
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Application of nuclear energy
Energy is the foundation of the foundations. All the benefits of civilization, all material spheres of human activity - from washing clothes to exploring the Moon and Mars - require energy consumption. And the further, the more. Today, nuclear energy is widely used in many sectors of the economy. Powerful submarines and surface ships with nuclear power plants are being built. With the help of a peaceful atom, the search for minerals is carried out. Radioactive isotopes have been widely used in biology, agriculture, medicine, and space exploration.
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Energy: "FOR"
a) Nuclear energy is by far the best form of energy production. Economical, high power, environmentally friendly when used correctly. b) Nuclear power plants, compared to traditional thermal power plants, have an advantage in fuel costs, which is especially pronounced in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a steady upward trend in fossil fuel production costs. c) Nuclear power plants also do not tend to pollute the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, waste water containing oil products.
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Nuclear power plant, thermal power plant, hydroelectric power station - modern civilization
Modern civilization is unthinkable without electrical energy. The generation and use of electricity is increasing every year, but the specter of the coming energy starvation is already looming in front of humanity due to the depletion of fossil fuel deposits and the increasing environmental losses in the production of electricity. The energy released in nuclear reactions is millions of times higher than that given by ordinary chemical reactions (combustion, for example), so that the calorific value of nuclear fuel is immeasurably greater than that of conventional fuel. Using nuclear fuel to generate electricity is an extremely tempting idea. The advantages of nuclear power plants (NPPs) over thermal (CHP) and hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) are obvious: there is no waste, gas emissions, there is no need to carry out huge volumes of construction, build dams and bury fertile lands on the bottom of the reservoirs. Perhaps more environmentally friendly than nuclear power plants, only power plants that use the energy of solar radiation or wind. But both windmills and solar stations are still low-powered and cannot meet people's needs for cheap electricity - and this need is growing faster. And yet, the feasibility of building and operating nuclear power plants is often questioned due to the harmful effects of radioactive substances on the environment and humans.
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Prospects for nuclear energy
After a good start, our country lagged behind the leading countries of the world in the development of nuclear energy in all respects. Of course, nuclear energy can be abandoned altogether. Thus, the risk of exposure of people and the threat of nuclear accidents will be completely eliminated. But then, in order to meet the energy needs, it will be necessary to increase the construction of thermal power plants and hydroelectric power stations. And this will inevitably lead to a large pollution of the atmosphere with harmful substances, to the accumulation of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, climate change on the Earth and disruption of the heat balance on a global scale. Meanwhile, the specter of energy hunger begins to really threaten humanity. Radiation is a formidable and dangerous force, but with the proper attitude, it is quite possible to work with it. Characteristically, those who constantly deal with it and are well aware of all the dangers associated with it are the least afraid of radiation. In this sense, it is interesting to compare statistics and an intuitive assessment of the degree of danger of various factors. Everyday life. Thus, it has been established that the greatest number of human lives are carried away by smoking, alcohol and cars. Meanwhile, according to people from population groups that differ in age and education, the greatest danger to life is posed by nuclear energy and firearms (the damage caused to humanity by smoking and alcohol is clearly underestimated). Specialists who can best evaluate the merits and possibilities of using nuclear power engineers believe that humanity can no longer do without the energy of the atom. Nuclear energy is one of the most promising ways to satisfy the energy hunger of mankind in the face of energy problems associated with the use of fossil fuels.
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Advantages of nuclear energy
There are so many advantages of nuclear power plants. They are completely independent of uranium mining sites. Nuclear fuel is compact and has a long useful life. Nuclear power plants are consumer-oriented and are becoming in demand in those places where there is an acute shortage of fossil fuels, and the need for electricity is very high. Another advantage is the low cost of the energy received, relatively low construction costs. Compared to thermal power plants, nuclear power plants do not emit such a large amount of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and their operation does not lead to an increase in the greenhouse effect. At the moment, scientists are faced with the task of increasing the efficiency of using uranium. It is solved with the help of fast breeder reactors (FRN). Together with thermal neutron reactors, they increase energy production per ton of natural uranium by 20-30 times. With the full use of natural uranium, it becomes profitable to extract it from very poor ores and even extract it from sea water. The use of nuclear power plants with RBN leads to some technical difficulties, which are currently being addressed. As fuel, Russia can use highly enriched uranium released as a result of the reduction in the number of nuclear warheads.
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Medicine
Methods of diagnostics and therapy have shown their high efficiency. When cancer cells are irradiated with γ-rays, they stop dividing. And if the cancer is at an early stage, then the treatment is successful. Small amounts of radioactive isotopes are used for diagnostic purposes. For example, radioactive barium is used for fluoroscopy of the stomach Successful use of isotopes in the study of iodine metabolism of the thyroid gland
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The best
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, the largest nuclear power plant in the world in terms of installed capacity (as of 2008), is located in the Japanese city of Kashiwazaki, Niigata Prefecture. Five boiling water reactors (BWRs) and two advanced boiling water reactors (ABWRs) are in operation, with a combined capacity of 8,212 GigaWatts.
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Zaporozhye NPP
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Alternative replacement for nuclear power plant
Energy of sun. The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is 6.7 times the global fossil fuel resource potential. The use of only 0.5% of this reserve could completely cover the world's energy needs for millennia. On Sev. The technical potential of solar energy in Russia (2.3 billion tons of conventional fuel per year) is approximately 2 times higher than today's fuel consumption.
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The warmth of the earth. Geothermal energy - literally translated means: the earth's thermal energy. The volume of the Earth is approximately 1085 billion cubic km and all of it, with the exception of a thin layer of the earth's crust, has a very high temperature. If we also take into account the heat capacity of the Earth's rocks, it becomes clear that geothermal heat is undoubtedly the largest source of energy currently available to man. Moreover, this is energy in its pure form, since it already exists as heat, and therefore it is not required to burn fuel or create reactors to obtain it.
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Advantages of water-graphite reactors
The advantages of a channel graphite reactor consist in the possibility of using graphite simultaneously as a moderator and a structural material of the core, which allows the use of process channels in replaceable and non-replaceable versions, the use of fuel rods in a rod or tubular design with one-sided or all-sided cooling by their coolant. The design scheme of the reactor and the core makes it possible to organize fuel refueling at the operating reactor, apply the zonal or sectional principle of constructing the core, which allows profiling the energy release and heat removal, the widespread use of standard designs, and the implementation of nuclear steam superheating, i.e. steam superheating directly in the core.
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Nuclear Power and the Environment
Today, nuclear energy and its impact on the environment are the most pressing issues at international congresses and meetings. This issue became especially acute after the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP). Issues related to installation work at nuclear power plants are resolved at such congresses. As well as issues affecting the condition of the working equipment at these stations. As you know, the work of nuclear power plants is based on the splitting of uranium into atoms. Therefore, the extraction of this fuel for stations is also an important issue today. Many issues related to nuclear power plants are related in one way or another to the environment. Although the operation of nuclear power plants brings a large amount of useful energy, but, unfortunately, all the "pluses" in nature are offset by their "minuses". The nuclear power industry is no exception: in the operation of nuclear power plants, they face the problems of disposal, storage, processing and transportation of waste.
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How dangerous is nuclear power?
Nuclear power is an actively developing industry. It is obvious that a great future is destined for it, since the reserves of oil, gas, coal are gradually running out, and uranium is a fairly common element on Earth. But it should be remembered that nuclear energy is associated with an increased danger to people, which, in particular, manifests itself in the extremely unfavorable consequences of accidents with the destruction of nuclear reactors.
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Energy: "against"
"against" nuclear power plants: a) The terrible consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. b) Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction. c) Damage to individuals in technological systems - during operation. d) Runoff of surface and ground waters containing chemical and radioactive components. e) Change in the nature of land use and exchange processes in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear power plant. f) Changes in the microclimatic characteristics of adjacent areas.
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Not only radiation
The operation of a nuclear power plant is accompanied not only by the danger of radiation pollution, but also by other types of environmental impact. The main effect is thermal. It is one and a half to two times higher than from thermal power plants. During the operation of nuclear power plants, it becomes necessary to cool the exhaust steam. The simplest way is cooling with water from a river, lake, sea or specially constructed pools. Water heated by 5-15 ° C returns to the same source again. But this method carries with it the danger of deteriorating the environmental situation in the aquatic environment at the location of the nuclear power plant. The water supply system using cooling towers, in which water is cooled due to its partial evaporation and cooling, is more widely used. Small losses are replenished by constant feeding with fresh water. With such a cooling system, a huge amount of water vapor and condensed moisture is released into the atmosphere. This can lead to an increase in the amount of precipitation, the frequency of fog formation, and cloudiness. In recent years, an air-cooled water vapor system has been used. In this case, there is no loss of water, and it is the most environmentally friendly. However, such a system does not work at high average ambient temperatures. In addition, the cost of electricity increases significantly.
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invisible enemy
Three radioactive elements, uranium, thorium and actinium, are mainly responsible for natural terrestrial radiation. These chemical elements are unstable; decaying, they release energy or become sources of ionizing radiation. As a rule, during the decay, an invisible, tasteless and odorless heavy radon gas is formed. It exists as two isotopes: radon-222, a member of the radioactive series formed by the decay products of uranium-238, and radon-220 (also called thoron), a member of the radioactive series of thorium-232. Radon is constantly formed in the depths of the Earth, accumulates in rocks, and then gradually moves along the cracks to the surface of the Earth. A person very often receives radiation from radon while at home or at work and unaware of the danger, in a closed, unventilated room , where its concentration of this gas, a source of radiation, is increased. Radon penetrates the house from the ground - through cracks in the foundation and through the floor - and accumulates mainly on the lower floors of residential and industrial buildings. But there are also such cases when residential buildings and industrial buildings are erected directly on old dumps. mining enterprises where radioactive elements are present in significant amounts. If materials such as granite, pumice, alumina, phosphogypsum, red brick, calcium silicate slag are used in construction production, the wall material becomes a source of radon radiation. Natural gas used in gas stoves (especially liquefied propane in cylinders) is also a potential source radon. And if water for domestic needs is pumped out of deep-lying water layers saturated with radon, then a high concentration of radon in the air even when washing clothes! By the way, it was found that the average concentration of radon in the bathroom is usually 40 times higher than in living rooms and several times higher than in the kitchen.
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Radioactive "garbage"
Even if a nuclear power plant works perfectly and without the slightest failure, its operation inevitably leads to the accumulation of radioactive substances. Therefore, people have to solve a very serious problem, the name of which is the safe storage of waste. Waste of any industry with a huge scale of energy production, various products and materials pose a huge challenge. Pollution of the environment and atmosphere in many parts of our planet inspires anxiety and fear. We are talking about the possibility of preserving the animal and plant world no longer in its original form, but at least within the minimum environmental standards. Radioactive waste is generated at almost all stages of the nuclear cycle. They accumulate in the form of liquid, solid and gaseous substances with different levels of activity and concentration. Most of the waste is low-level: water used to clean gases and surfaces of the reactor, gloves and shoes, contaminated tools and burnt out light bulbs from radioactive rooms, spent equipment, dust, gas filters, and much more.
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Fighting radioactive waste
Gases and polluted water are passed through special filters until they reach the purity of atmospheric air and drinking water. The filters that have become radioactive are recycled along with solid waste. They are mixed with cement and turned into blocks or poured into steel tanks together with hot bitumen. The most difficult thing to prepare for long-term storage is high-level waste. It is best to turn such "garbage" into glass and ceramics. To do this, the waste is calcined and fused with substances that form a glass-ceramic mass. It is calculated that it will take at least 100 years to dissolve 1 mm of the surface layer of such a mass in water. Unlike many chemical wastes, the danger of radioactive waste decreases over time. Most of the radioactive isotopes have a half-life of about 30 years, so after 300 years they will almost completely disappear. So, for the final disposal of radioactive waste, it is necessary to build such long-term storage facilities that would make it possible to reliably isolate the waste from their penetration into the environment until the complete decay of radionuclides. Such repositories are called cemeteries.
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Explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986.
On April 25, Unit 4 was shut down for a scheduled overhaul, during which several equipment tests were scheduled. In accordance with the program, the power of the reactor was reduced, and then problems began associated with the phenomenon of "xenon poisoning" (the accumulation of xenon isotope in a reactor operating at reduced power, further inhibiting the operation of the reactor). To compensate for the poisoning, absorbing rods were raised, and power began to increase. What happened next is not exactly clear. The report of the International Advisory Group on Nuclear Safety noted: "It is not known for certain what caused the power surge that led to the destruction of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant reactor." They tried to dampen this sudden surge by lowering the absorbing rods, however, due to their unsuccessful design, it was not possible to slow down the reaction, and an explosion occurred.
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Chernobyl
An analysis of the Chernobyl accident convincingly confirms that radioactive contamination of the environment is the most important environmental consequence of radiation accidents with releases of radionuclides, the main factor affecting the health and living conditions of people in areas exposed to radioactive contamination.
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Japanese Chernobyl
Recently there was an explosion at the Fukushima 1 nuclear power plant (Japan) due to a strong earthquake. The accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant was the first disaster at a nuclear facility caused by the impact, albeit indirectly, of a natural disaster. Until now, the largest accidents have been "internal" in nature: they were caused by a combination of unsuccessful structural elements and human error.
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Explosion in Japan
At the Fukushima-1 station, located in the prefecture of the same name, on March 14, hydrogen exploded, which had accumulated under the roof of the third reactor. According to Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO), the nuclear power plant operator. Japan informed the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that as a result of the explosion at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, the radiation background in the area of the accident exceeded the permissible limit.
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Consequences of radiation:
Mutations Cancers (thyroid, leukemia, breast, lung, stomach, intestines) Hereditary disorders Ovarian sterility in women. Dementia
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Tissue sensitivity coefficient at equivalent radiation dose
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Radiation Results
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Conclusion
Factors "For" nuclear power plants: 1. Nuclear power is by far the best type of energy production. Economical, high power, environmentally friendly when used correctly. 2. Nuclear power plants, compared to traditional thermal power plants, have an advantage in fuel costs, which is especially pronounced in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a steady upward trend in fossil fuel production costs. 3. Nuclear power plants also do not tend to pollute the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, waste water containing oil products. Factors "Against" nuclear power plants: 1. Terrible consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. 2. Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction. 3. Damage to individuals in technological systems - during operation. 4. Runoff of surface and ground waters containing chemical and radioactive components. 5. Changing the nature of land use and exchange processes in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear power plant. 6. Changes in the microclimatic characteristics of the adjacent areas.
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Nuclear power in Russia Nuclear power, which accounts for 16% of electricity generation, is a relatively young branch of the Russian industry. What is 6 decades in terms of history? But this short and eventful period of time played an important role in the development of the electric power industry.
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History The date of August 20, 1945 can be considered the official start of the "atomic project" of the Soviet Union. On this day, a resolution of the State Defense Committee of the USSR was signed. In 1954, the very first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk - the first not only in our country, but throughout the world. The station had a capacity of only 5 MW, worked for 50 years in an accident-free mode and was closed only in 2002.
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Within the framework of the federal target program "Development of the Russian nuclear power industry complex for 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015", it is planned to build three power units at the Balakovo, Volgodonsk and Kalinin nuclear power plants. In general, 40 power units should be built before 2030. At the same time, the capacity of Russian nuclear power plants should increase annually by 2 GW from 2012, and by 3 GW from 2014, and the total capacity of Russian nuclear power plants by 2020 should reach 40 GW.
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Beloyarsk NPP Located in the city of Zarechny, in the Sverdlovsk region, the second industrial nuclear power plant in the country (after the Siberian one). Three power units were built at the station: two with thermal neutron reactors and one with a fast neutron reactor. At present, the only operating power unit is the 3rd power unit with a BN-600 reactor with an electric power of 600 MW, put into operation in April 1980 - the world's first industrial-scale power unit with a fast neutron reactor. It is also the largest fast neutron reactor in the world.
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Smolensk NPP Smolensk NPP is the largest enterprise in the North-West region of Russia. The nuclear power plant generates eight times more electricity than other power plants in the region combined. Commissioned in 1976
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Smolensk NPP It is located near the city of Desnogorsk, Smolensk region. The station consists of three power units, with RBMK-1000 type reactors, which were put into operation in 1982, 1985 and 1990. Each power unit includes: one reactor with a thermal power of 3200 MW and two turbogenerators with an electric power of 500 MW each.
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Novovoronezh NPP Novovoronezh NPP is located on the banks of the Don, 5 km from Novovoronezh, a city of power engineers, and 45 km south of Voronezh. The station provides 85% of the needs of the Voronezh region in electricity, and also provides heat for half of Novovoronezh. Commissioned in 1957.
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Leningrad NPP Leningrad NPP is located 80 km west of St. Petersburg. On the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, it supplies electricity to about half of the Leningrad region. Commissioned in 1967.
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NPPs under construction 1 Baltic NPP 2 Beloyarsk NPP-2 3 Leningrad NPP-2 4 Novovoronezh NPP-2 5 Rostov NPP 6 Akademik Lomonosov floating NPP 7 Other
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Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant is an unfinished nuclear power plant located near the town of Agidel in Bashkortostan at the confluence of the Belaya and Kama rivers. In 1990, under public pressure, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the construction of the Bashkir nuclear power plant was stopped. She repeated the fate of the unfinished Tatar and Crimean nuclear power plants of the same type.
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History At the end of 1991 in Russian Federation 28 power units operated, with a total nominal capacity of 20,242 MW. Since 1991, 5 new power units with a total nominal capacity of 5,000 MW have been connected to the grid. As of the end of 2012, 8 more power units are under construction, not counting the units of the Low Power Floating Nuclear Power Plant. In 2007, the federal authorities initiated the creation of a single state holding "Atomenergoprom" uniting the companies Rosenergoatom, TVEL, Techsnabexport and Atomstroyexport. 100% of JSC Atomenergoprom's shares were transferred to the simultaneously established State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.
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Electricity generation In 2012, Russian nuclear power plants generated 177.3 billion kWh, which accounted for 17.1% of the total generation in the Unified Energy System of Russia. The volume of supplied electricity amounted to 165.727 billion kWh. The share of nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia is about 18%. Nuclear energy is of high importance in the European part of Russia and especially in the north-west, where the output at nuclear power plants reaches 42%. After the launch of the second power unit of the Volgodonsk NPP in 2010, Prime Minister of Russia V.V. Putin announced plans to increase nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia from 16% to 20-30% electricity at nuclear power plants by 4 times.
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Nuclear power in the world In today's rapidly developing world, the issue of energy consumption is very acute. The non-renewability of such resources as oil, gas, coal makes us think about alternative sources of electricity, the most realistic of which today is nuclear energy. Its share in world electricity generation is 16%. More than half of these 16% are in the USA (103 power units), France and Japan (59 and 54 power units, respectively). In total (as of the end of 2006) there are 439 nuclear power units in the world, 29 more are in various stages of construction.
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Nuclear power in the world According to TsNIATOMINFORM, by the end of 2030, about 570 GW of nuclear power plants will be put into operation in the world (in the first months of 2007, this figure was about 367 GW). At the moment, the leader in the construction of new units is China, which is building 6 power units. It is followed by India with 5 new blocks. Russia closes the top three - 3 blocks. Intentions to build new power units are also expressed by other countries, including those from the former USSR and the socialist bloc: Ukraine, Poland, Belarus. This is understandable, because one nuclear power unit will save such an amount of gas in a year, the cost of which is equivalent to 350 million US dollars.
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Lessons from Chernobyl What happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 20 years ago? Due to the actions of the employees of the nuclear power plant, the reactor of the 4th power unit got out of control. His power increased dramatically. The graphite masonry was white-hot and deformed. The rods of the control and protection system could not enter the reactor and stop the temperature rise. The cooling channels collapsed, water pouring out of them onto the red-hot graphite. The pressure in the reactor increased and led to the destruction of the reactor and the building of the power unit. Upon contact with air, hundreds of tons of red-hot graphite caught fire. The rods, which contained fuel and radioactive waste, melted, and radioactive substances poured into the atmosphere.
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Lessons from Chernobyl. Putting out the reactor itself was not at all easy. This could not be done by conventional means. Due to high radiation and terrible destruction, it was impossible to even get close to the reactor. A multi-ton graphite masonry was burning. The nuclear fuel continued to release heat, and the cooling system was completely destroyed by the explosion. The temperature of the fuel after the explosion reached 1500 degrees or more. The materials from which the reactor was made were sintered with concrete and nuclear fuel at this temperature, forming previously unknown minerals. It was necessary to stop the nuclear reaction, lower the temperature of the debris and stop the release of radioactive substances into the environment. To do this, the reactor shaft was bombarded with heat-removing and filtering materials from helicopters. This began to be done on the second day after the explosion, April 27th. Only 10 days later, on May 6, it was possible to significantly reduce, but not completely stop radioactive emissions.
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Lessons from Chernobyl During this time, a huge amount of radioactive substances ejected from the reactor was carried by winds many hundreds and thousands of kilometers from Chernobyl. Where radioactive substances fell to the surface of the earth, zones of radioactive contamination were formed. People received large doses of radiation, got sick and died. Firefighters were the first to die from acute radiation sickness. Helicopters suffered and died. Residents of neighboring villages and even remote areas, where the wind brought radiation, were forced to leave their homes and become refugees. Vast areas became unsuitable for habitation and agriculture. The forest, the river, the field, everything became radioactive, everything hid an invisible danger.
